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Duma Election Law
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Presidential Election Law
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Basic Guarantees Law
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Overview/Status
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24/11/94 Duma passes 1st reading; 15/3/95 Duma passes 2nd reading; 24/3/95 Duma passes 3rd reading;
12/4/95 Federation Council (FC) vetoes; 21/4/95 Duma passes with minor revisions; 4/5/95 PC vetoes again;
11/5/95 Duma overrides FC veto; 23/5/95 President vetoes - conciliatory committee (CC) set up; 9/6/95 Duma passes CC version; 14/6/95 FC rejects again;
15/6/95 FC passes law; 21/6/95 President signs law.
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16/12/94 Duma passes 1st reading; 15/3/95 Duma passes 2nd reading; 24/3/95 Duma passes 3rd reading; 12/4/95 Federation Council (FC) vetoes; 4/5/95 FC approves law; 17/5/95 President signs law.
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26/10/94 Duma passes law;
15/11/94 Federation Council (FC) passes law; 6/12/94 President signs law
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Term of Office
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4 years (Constitution, Art. 96)
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4 years (Constitution, Art. 81)
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N/A
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Election Timing; How Called
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Election called by President at least 4 mos. prior to expiration of term (3 mos. in case of Duma dissolution.)
(Art. 4)
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Election called by Fed. Council at least 4 mos. prior to expiration of term (3 mos. in case President «ceases fulfillment of powers.») (Art. 4)
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N/A
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How Elected
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450 deputies - 225 elected in single mandate districts (SMD); 225 elected in proportion to number of votes cast for federal lists of candidates of electoral assocs/blocs. (Art. 5)
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Direct vote of people. (Art. 1)
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N/A
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Franchise Requirements &Privileges
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Citizens 18+ years; special provisions for military, temporary residents, out of country citizens, voters residing in rest homes, hospitals, sanatoriums, spas, etc. (Arts. 3,12) DISQUALIFIED: citizens declared incompetent by court or imprisoned. (Art. 3)
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Citizens 18+ years; special provisions for military, temporary residents, out of country citizens, voters residing in rest homes, hospitals, sanatoriums, spas, etc. (Arts. 3, 24) DISQUALIFIED: citizens declared incompetent by court or imprisoned. (Art. 3)
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Citizens 18+ years of age. DISQUALIFIED: citizens declared incompetent by court or imprisoned. (Art. 4)
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Districting Authority
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Determined by CEC. Dists. must be approved by law NLT 110 days before election; CEC publishes list of dists. NLT 108 days before election. (Art. 11)
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N/A
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Specifies electoral district rules for local governments and local elections (i.e. non-federal level). (Art. 9)
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Districting Principles
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Single mandate districts (SMD): contiguous territories;
pop. deviation no more than 10% (15% in remote areas); at least 1 SMD in each Subject. (Art. 11)
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Single federal election district encompassing entire territory of R.F. (Art. 5)
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Contiguous territory; pop. deviation no more than 10% (15% in remote areas and up to 30% in areas of indigenous small nations). (Art. 9)
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Election Commission Hierarchy;
Central Election Comm. (CEC); Subject Election Comm. (SEC);
District Election Comm. (DEC); Territorial Elec. Comm. (TEC); Precinct Election Comm. (PEC)
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5 Levels: CEC, permanent body; SEC, permanent body, 4 yr. term; DEC, one for each of 225 single mandate dists, formed NLT 92 days before election; TEC formed NLT 60 days before election; &PEC, formed NLT 44 days before election. (Arts. 16-28)
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4 Levels: CEC. permanent body; SEC, permanent body, 4 yr. Term; TEC, formed NLT 60 days before election; &PEC, formed NLT 44 days before election. (Art. 10-18)
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5 Levels: CEC; SEC; DEC;
TEC; &PEC; procedure for formation specified in federal laws. (Arts. 11-13)
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Formation of Electoral Associations &Blocs
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Elec. assocs. must be registered with Ministry of Justice NLT 6 mos. prior to announcement date of election; elec. blocs formed by 2 or more elec. assocs. and must register with CEC within 5 days of submitting the resolution forming the elec. bloc. (Arts. 32, 33)
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Elec. assocs. must be registered with Ministry of Justice NLT 6 mos. prior to announcement date of election; elec. blocs formed by 2 or more elec. assocs. and must register with CEC within 5 days of forming. (Arts. 28,29)
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Elec. assocs. must be registered with Ministry of Justice NLT 6 mos. prior to announcement date of election; elec. blocs formed by 2 or more elec. assocs.; elec. blocs must register with relevant elec. comm. (Art. 2, 18)
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Period of Election Campaign; Restrictions
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Begins on day of registration of candidates and ends at 12 p.m. local time on the day preceding the election;
no opinion polls or forecasts published within 5 days of election and on election day; no anonymous campaign materials; no posting of campaign materials on monuments, historical buildings or inside the voting premises. After registration, a candidate may not take advantage of his/her official standing in order to be elected. (Arts. 44, 45, 50)
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Begins on day of registration of candidates and ends at 12 p.m. local time on the day preceding the election; no opinion polls or forecasts published within 5 days of election;
no anonymous campaign materials; no posting of campaign materials on monuments, historical buildings or inside the voting premises. After registration, candidates holding government office must take leave of absence during campaign. (Arts. 37, 38, 43)
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Begins on day of registration of candidates and ends one day prior to election day; no opinion polls or forecasts published within 5 days of electon; upon registration, candidates holding government offices or employed by mass media must take leave of absence during campaign. (Art.22, 26)
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Eligibility for Nomination
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Citizens 21+years old. DISQUALIFIED: Citizens declared incompetent by a court or imprisoned. (Art. 3)
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Citizens 35+ years old; at least 10 yrs. residing in territory of R.F. DISQUALIFIED: Citizens declared incompetetent by a court or imprisoned. (Art. 3)
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Specifies min. ages for candidates for local gov't legislative and exec. bodies. (Art. 4)
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Nomination Requirements
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Candidates may be nominated by elec. assocs/blocs or directly by citizens; candidates MAY NOT run in more than one single mandate district (SMD);
candidates MAY run in both a SMD and on an electoral assoc/bloc's federal list. (Arts. 6, 39, 42)
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Candidates nominated by elec. Assoc/blocs, or directly by citizens. (Art. 6)
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Candidates may be nominated by elec. assocs/blocs or directly by citizens. (Art. 18, 19)
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Signature Requirements
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Electoral Assoc/Bloc: Min. of 200,000 sigs. with no more than 7% from one Subject of R.F.; sig. sheets must state name of Subject of R.F. where sigs. collected; elec. assoc/bloc may begin collecting sigs. upon receipt of certified copy of candidate list; sigs. due to CEC NLT 55 days prior to election; CEC then determines registration status of fed. list candidates within 10 days of submission of sigs.
Single-Mandate District (SMDt): Min. of 1% of voters in the district; candidates affiliated with an elec. assoc/bloc may begin collecting sigs. upon receipt of certified copy ofcand. list; indep. cands. may begin collecting sigs. on day of official publication of list of single mandate districts; sig. lists due to District Elec. Comm. (DEC) NLT 55 days prior to election; DEC then determines registration status of candidates within 5 days of submission of sigs. (Arts. 39,41,42)
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Min. of 1,000,000 sigs. with no more than 7% from one Subject of the R.F.; sig. sheets bound separately by Subjects of the R.F.; sig. collection begins upon receipt of registration certificate; sigs. due to CEC NLT 60 days before election; CEC determines registration status of candidates within 50 days of election. (Art. 34, 35)
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Signature requirements shall be established by specific federal laws. The maximum number of sigs. required may not exceed 2% of registered voters. (Arts. 18 &19)
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Other Requirements for Electoral Assocs/Blocs with Candidates on Federal List
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Federal candidate list nominated at elec. assoc/bloc congress by secret ballot &submitted to CEC; CEC issues or refuses to issue certified copy of list of candidates within 3 days of receipt; no more than 12 candidates on list who do not belong to regional groups (maximum 270 candidates allowable on list);
list may be split into regional groups of candidates; all candidate names &their position order on list must be disclosed to CEC; info re 3 fed. list candidates and 3 regional list candidates (if applicable) shall be included on sig. sheets. (Arts. 37, 38, 39)
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N/A
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N/A
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Rights of Candidates, Electoral Assocs/Blocs during Campaign
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Elec. comm. reimburses cands. an amount not to exceed 10 times min. mo. wages (as of 27/7/95 min. mo. wage was 55,000 roubles); candidates cannot be prosecuted; mass media must provide equal conditions to all candidates for campaign statements;
CEC establishes procedures for granting air time. A candidate may withdraw no later than 3 days prior to election day.1 (Arts. 44,47,48)
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CEC reimburses candidates an amount equal to candidate's avg. mo. income but not to exceed 20 times min. mo. wages (as of 27/7/95 min. mo. wages was 55,000 roubles);
mass media must provide equal conditions to all candidates for campaign statements;
candidates cannot be prosecuted; CEC establishes procedures for granting air time. A candidate may withdraw at any time before election day.1 (Art. 37,40)
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The appropriate level of elec. comm. shall reimburse candidates in amounts established by specific laws;
candidates cannot be prosecuted; mass media must provide equal conditions to all candidates for campaign statements; CEC establishes procedures for granting air time. Any candidate may withdraw at any time before the election.1 (Arts.20, 22,24)
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Financial Limits &Disclosure
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Max. expenditure per candidate not to exceed 10,000 times min. mo. wages (as of27/7/95 mm. mo. wage was 55,000 roubles); max. expenditure per electoral assoc/bloc not to exceed 250,000 mm. mo. wages;
donations not allowed from foreign countries, non-citizens, international orgs., local gov'ts, state &city agencies, military units, charitable or religious orgs.;
candidates for deputy submit financial reports to Dist. Elec. Comm., Elec. assocs/blocs to CEC. - Deadline:
NLT 30 days after publication of election returns. (Arts. 52, 53)
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Max. expenditure per candidate not to exceed 250,000 times min. mo. wages; donations not allowed from foreign countries, non-citizens, international orgs., local gov'ts, state and city agencies, military units, charitable or religious orgs.; candidates and electoral assocs/blocs submit financial reports to CEC NLT 30 days after publication of election returns. (Arts. 45,46)
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Maximum expenditure per candidate to be specified in individual federal laws;
donations not allowed from foreign countries, non-citizens, international orgs., local gov'ts and religious orgs. Relevant level ofelec. comm. must make periodic reports prior to election day re the amounts &sources of funds based on info submitted by elec. assocs/blocs &cands;
cands. &elec. assocs/blocs submit fin. report to relevant elec. comm. NLT 30 days after election. (Art. 28)
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Complaint Adjudication
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Complaints may be taken to next higher level of Elec. Comm. or to a court; complaints re CEC action/inaction may be filed with Supreme Court which must act on complaint within 5-10 days of receipt or immediately if filed within 5 days of election. (Art. 31)
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Complaints may be taken to next higher level of Elec. Comm. or to a court; complaints re CEC action/inaction may be filed with Supreme Court which must act on complaint within 5-10 days of receipt or immediately if filed within 5 days of election. (Art. 23)
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Complaints may be taken to next higher level of Elec. Comm. or to a court; complaints re elec. comm.'s action/inaction may be filed with Supreme Court which must act within 5-10 days or immediately if filed on election day. (Art. 16)
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Administrative Voting Procedures
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Single-Mandate Dist. (SMD) candidates listed on ballot in alphabetical order with their elec. assoc/bloc affiliation (if applicable);
Federal list candidates order on ballot determined by lot; Pet. Elec. Comm. notices time/place of election NLT 20 days prior to election; voters mark ballot FOR candidate/list of choice or for «none of above»;
absentee voting permitted; vote counting occurs at precincts after polls close; vote protocols (results) submitted to next higher election commission; ballot retention period 1 yr., documents kept at least 6 mos., protocols (results) kept 1 yr. after day setting date of new elections. 1 (Arts. 57 ,58, 59, 61)
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Candidates listed on ballot in alphabetical order with their elec. assoc/bloc affiliation (if applicable); Pet. Elec. Comm. notices time/place of election NLT 20 days prior to election; voters mark ballot FOR candidate of choice or for «none of above»; absentee voting permitted; vote counting occurs at precincts after polls close; vote protocols (results) submitted to next higher elec. commission; election documents kept at least 6 mos, protocols (results) kept until next election date is set.1 (Arts. 50, 51, 52, 54)
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Pet. elec. comm. notices time/place of election NLT 20 days prior to election; voters mark ballot FOR candidate/list of choice or for «none of above»;
absentee voting permitted; vote counting occurs at precincts after polls close; vote protocols (results) submitted to next higher elec. comm.; election documents kept for time established by fed. laws; ballots must be preserved for min. 1 yr., protocols for min. 1 yr. after next elec date is set. 1 (Arts. 6, 30, 31,32)
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Election Observers
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Observers representing candidates, elec. assocs/blocs, candidates' attorneys, representatives of media, and foreign observers may be present at polls during voting, calculation of votes and drafting of protocols (election results); 3rd copies of protocols made available to observers, members of elec. commissions with deliberative vote, &media representatives at all Pet. Elec. Comm (PEC), Territorial Elec. Comm. (TEC), Dist. Elec. Comm. (DEC), &Subject Elec. Comm. (SEC). (Arts. 58-61)
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Observers representing candidates, elec. assocs/blocs, candidates' attorneys, reps of media &foreign observers may be present at polls during voting, calculation of votes and drafting of protocols (election results); 3rd copies of protocols made available to observers, members of elec. commissions with deliberative vote, &media reps at all Pet. Elec. Comm (PEC); Territorial Elec. Comm. (TEC); &Subj. Elec. Comm . (SEC). (Arts. 52 - 54)
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Observers sent by elec. Assocs. or by cands and foreign observers may be present at polling stations;
observers entitled to copy of protocol (elec. Results) at pet. or dist. Level; elec. comms. of all levels shall share info. re voting returns and election outcomes in the presence of observers representing candidates, elec. Assocs. and foreign observers.; observer may be removed from premises if s/he attempts to violate the secrecy of the ballot or attempts to influence a voter. (Arts. 14,30,31,32)
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ELECTION RESULTS release &availability of: information in protocols of Precinct Election Commissions (PECs); Territorial Election Commissions (TECs); District Election Commissions (DECs); Subject Election Commissions (SECs); and Central Election Commission (CEC)
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Any voter, observer, or media representative may examine protocols at the PEC or DEC level; DECs must publish protocols of TECs &PECs pertaining to single mandate districts NLT 1 mo. after elec; CEC must publish in its bulletin all voting results except for PECs NLT 3 mos. after election day. (Art 65)
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Any voter, observer, or media rep. may examine protocols at the PEC, TEC or SEC; TEC must publish its protocol NLT 5 days after election day &the PECs protocols within their TEC NLT 15 days after election day; CEC must publish in mass media protocols of SECs NLT 1 mo. After elec. day;
CEC must publish in its bulletin all voting results, except for PECs, NLT 3 mos. after election day. (Art. 58)
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Any voter, candidate observer or media rep. May examine voting returns of each elec. pet; the complete data included in the protocols of all levels of elec. Comms. except PECs, shall be made public within 3 mos. after election. (Art. 33)
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Declaring the Winner
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Single Mandate Dist.fSMP): candidate who receives most votes (plurality) is elected; if a winning candidate ran for both a SMD &on fed. list, s/he takes SMD seat; Federal List: elec. assoc/bloc must win min. 5% of votes cast for distribution of deputy mandates. If list was split, mandates assigned first to non-regional candidates and then to regional candidates in proportion to number of votes cast for the federal list in that Subject(s) ofR.F. (Arts. 61, 62, 70)
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Candidate who receives more than one half of votes is elected. If no majority, a run-off is held between top two candidates; runoff election to occur no later than 15 days after the estimation of the results of first election. (Art.55)
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N/A
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Voter Turnout Threshold
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Minimum 25% voter turnout requirement (based on the # of voters signing for ballots) or election invalid. (Art. 61)
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Minimum 50% voter turnout requirement (based on the # of voters signing for ballots) or election invalid. (Art. 55)
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N/A
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Filling Vacancies
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Single-Mandate Dist. (SMD): New election called except if less than one year of term remains, then position stays vacant until next election. Federal List: Mandate transferred to next candidate on fed. list; if no candidates remain, mandate stays vacant until next election. (Art. 67, 68)
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If president ceases to exercise powers due to resignation, health or impeachment, duties are temporarily filled by Chairman of Government (Prime Minister). Constitution, Art. 92
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N/A
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